Nasal colonization can lead to auto-infection Footnote 17. Infection may be spread from person-to-person through health care workers or patients Footnote 3. Unsanitary conditions and crowded community settings increase exposure to S. Person-to-person transmission occurs through contact with a purulent lesion or with a carrier Footnote 3. Vertical transmission during vaginal delivery is uncommon Footnote 15. MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Ingestion of food containing enterotoxins Footnote 4. INFECTIOUS DOSE: At least 100,000 organisms in humans Footnote 14. HOST RANGE: Humans, wild and domestic animals, including cows Footnote 13. Young women are at a higher risk for toxic shock syndrome Footnote 10. Children are more likely to be persistent carriers of the bacteria Footnote 3. Around 20% of individuals are persistent carriers of Staphylococcus aureus, about 60% are intermittent carriers, and approximately 20% rarely carry it Footnote 3. Residents of nursing homes are also at an increased risk of acquiring MRSA Footnote 12. Rates of infection in community settings are increasing Footnote 7, Footnote 11. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of skin, soft-tissue, and nosocomial infection Footnote 7. Deep infections include endocarditis, peritonitis, necrotizing pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and infections of bones, joints and organs Footnote 2, Footnote 6, Footnote 7.ĮPIDEMIOLOGY: Worldwide distribution. aureus during menstruation, complications with staphylococcal infection at other sites, or complications of surgical procedures Footnote 10. Toxic shock syndrome is associated with vaginal colonization with toxin-producing S. Mortality is very high and death can occur within 2 hours Footnote 9. The clinical presentation of TSS is severe and acute symptoms include high fever, vascular collapse, vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia, hypotension, erythematous rash, desquamation, and involvement of at least 3 organs Footnote 2, Footnote 9, Footnote 10. aureus produce the superantigen TSST-1, which is responsible for 75% of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) cases Footnote 2. Necrotizing fasciitis is life-threatening and causes severe morbidity.Ĭertain strains of S. aureus can also cause necrotizing fasciitis in immunocompromised individuals, although this is very rare Footnote 8. ![]() Other skin conditions caused by Staphylococcal exfoliative toxins include blisters, skin loss, pimples, furuncles, impetigo, folliculitis, abscesses, poor temperature control, fluid loss, and secondary infection Footnote 2, Footnote 4, Footnote 6, Footnote 7. Scalded skin syndrome is caused by exfoliative toxins secreted on the epidermis and mostly affects neonates and young children Footnote 2. ![]() Animal bites can result in local infections, cellulitis, erythema, tenderness, mild fever, adenopathy, and lymphangitis (rarely) Footnote 5. ![]() Symptoms usually resolve after 24 hours Footnote 4. Staphylococcal food intoxication involves rapid onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, cramps, and diarrhea Footnote 2, Footnote 4. The bacteria are a leading cause of food poisoning, resulting from the consumption of food contaminated with enterotoxins Footnote 4. PATHOGENICITY/TOXICITY: Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a variety of self-limiting to life-threatening diseases in humans Footnote 2. Staphylococcus aureus are part of human flora, and are primarily found in the nose and skin Footnote 3. ![]() Many strains produce staphylococcal enterotoxins, the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), and exfoliative toxins. aureus anaerobius) that usually form in clusters. They are approximately 0.5-1.5 µm in diameter, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, facultative anaerobes (with the exception of S. SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), MSSA (methicillin-susceptive (or sensitive) Staphylococcus aureus), VISA (vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus), hVISA (heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus), VRSA (vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), staph infection, staphylococcus infection, impetigo, toxic shock syndrome.ĬHARACTERISTICS: Staphylococcus aureus are Gram-positive, catalase positive cocci belonging to the Staphylococcaceae family Footnote 1, Footnote 2. PATHOGEN SAFETY DATA SHEET - INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES SECTION I - INFECTIOUS AGENT
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